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Message: <blockquote data-quote="MeanStreak" data-source="post: 65369" data-attributes="member: 350">Valvetronic engines use a combination of hardware and software to eliminate the need for a conventional throttle mechanism.Valvetronic varies the timing and the lift of the intake valves. The Valvetronic system has a conventional intake cam, but it also uses a secondary eccentric shaft with a series of levers and roller followers, activated by a stepper motor. Based on signals formerly taken mechanically from the accelerator pedal, the stepper motor changes the phase of the eccentric cam, modifying the action of the intake valves.Valvetronic was introduced on the all-alloy 1.8-liter, 4-cylinder engine for the E46 316ti Compact, and it will subsequently be applied to most eight and 12-cylinder engines within a few years. The Valvetronic engine replaces the function of the throttle butterfly by using an infinitely variable intake valve lift. The Valvetronic engine does not require a timing belt or chain. Valvetronic has its own computer housed in a separate unit away from the engine management system, networked with the digital engine management system incorporating a 40-megahertz, 32-bit computer. Valvetronic reduces maintenance costs, improves cold start behavior, lowers exhaust emissions, and provides a smoother running engine. Valvetronic does not need specific fuel grades or fuel qualities because of its fine atomization of fuel.The entire Valvetronic system is pre-assembled and inserted as a module into its position in the cylinder head. Valvetronic engines are built at BMW's brand new engine plant at Hams Hall near Coventry, England.Because Valvetronic allows the engine to breathe more freely, fuel consumption is reduced by 10%. The fuel savings are greatest at lower engine revs. Valvetronic is an important element in BMW's aim of meeting the 2008 carbon dioxide fleet requirements of 140 gm/km. Fuel injection systems monitor the volume of air passing through the throttle butterfly and determine the corresponding amount of fuel required by the engine. The larger the throttle butterfly opening, the more air enters the combustion chamber. At light throttle, the throttle butterfly partially or even nearly closes. The pistons are still running, taking air from the partially closed intake manifold. The intake manifold between the throttle and the combustion chamber has a partial vacuum, resisting the sucking and pumping action of the pistons, wasting energy. Automotive engineers refer to this phenomenon as "pumping loss". The slower the engine runs, the more the throttle butterfly closes, and the more energy is lost.</blockquote>

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